Quick answer
Earthworms feed on decaying plant matter and soil organics, adjusting with season, age, and what is abundant in Moist soils worldwide. That label is a preferred pattern, not every item an individual might sample.
Key takeaway
Earthworms feed on decaying plant matter and soil organics, adjusting with season, age, and what is abundant in Moist soils worldwide. That label is a preferred pattern, not every item an individual might sample.
Earthworm diet overview
Earthworms (Lumbricina) are best summarised as Detritivore (decaying plant matter, soil organics). Anatomy and habitat (Moist soils worldwide) decide whether they hunt, graze, filter, scavenge, or mix strategies across the year.
How earthworms find food
Energy-rich foods are prioritised when available; lean seasons force broader diets or longer travel. Young animals may eat different items or receive food from parents.
Earthworm role in the food web
As consumers in their food web, earthworms move nutrients and influence prey or vegetation.
Feeding and human conflict
Never feed wild earthworms. Habituation raises injury risk and can lead to lethal management. Captive diets must match species needs, not generic pet food rules.
Body and breathing
An earthworm's body is divided into many ring-like segments, most carrying tiny bristles called setae that grip the soil as it moves. It has no eyes, ears, or lungs, and breathes by absorbing oxygen directly through its moist skin. This is why earthworms must stay damp and often come to the surface after heavy rain.
Soil engineers
As earthworms tunnel and feed, they swallow soil and organic matter and excrete nutrient-rich waste called castings. Their burrows loosen and aerate the ground, improve drainage, and mix decaying material deeper into the soil. These actions make earthworms vital for fertile soil and healthy plant growth.
Sources
Earthworm FAQs
What do earthworms eat?
Earthworms feed on decaying plant matter and soil organics, adjusting with season, age, and what is abundant in Moist soils worldwide. That label is a preferred pattern, not every item an individual might sample.
What is the scientific name of the earthworm?
Lumbricina — used in research and conservation listings for earthworms.
Where do earthworms live?
They are associated with Moist soils worldwide. Local presence depends on food, cover, and human land use.
What is the conservation status of earthworms?
Listed in our guides as Least Concern. Check the IUCN Red List and national assessments for the latest formal category.